ICC chief prosecutor Karim Khan said in a statement issued after more than seven months of war in Gaza that he had reasonable grounds to believe that all "bear criminal responsibility" for alleged war crimes and crimes against humanity.
He said he had applied for an arrest warrant for Israeli Defence Minister Yoav Gallant as well as for Netanyahu.
Yahya Sinwar is one of three Hamas leaders sought by the ICC's top prosecutor. (AP PHOTO)
They have overseen Israel's offensive against Hamas in Gaza since the Palestinian militant group's deadly October 7 raid on Israel.
He has also applied for arrest warrants for Hamas chief Yahya Sinwar; Mohammed Al-Masri, the commander-in-chief of the military wing of Hamas who is widely known as Deif; and Ismail Haniyeh, head of the group's political bureau.
It will be up to a panel of pre-trial judges to determine whether the evidence supports the issuing of arrest warrants.
The court, however, has no means to enforce arrest warrants and its investigation into the Gaza war has long been opposed by the United States and Israel.
Israel and Palestinian leaders have previously dismissed allegations of committing war crimes.
"Now, more than ever, we must collectively demonstrate that international humanitarian law, the foundational baseline for human conduct during conflict, applies to all individuals and applies equally across the situations addressed by my office and the court," Khan said.
"This is how we will prove, tangibly, that the lives of all human beings have equal value."
The allegations against Netanyahu and Gallant include bearing responsibility for starvation of civilians as a method of warfare, wilfully causing great suffering and wilful killing or murder as a war crime.
At least 35,000 Palestinians have been killed in the war in Gaza, according to its health ministry. (AP PHOTO)
The Hamas leaders face allegations of bearing responsibility for crimes including extermination and murder, the taking of hostages, torture, rape and other acts of sexual violence.
Several Israeli ministers and Palestinian representatives denounced the prosecutor's moves.
"Drawing parallels between the leaders of a democratic country determined to defend itself from despicable terror to leaders of a blood-thirsty terror organisation (Hamas) is a deep distortion of justice and blatant moral bankruptcy," Israeli war cabinet minister Benny Gantz said.
Senior Hamas official Sami Abu Zuhri said the prosecutor's decision to request warrants for the three Hamas leaders "equates the victim with the executioner".
The ICC is the world's first permanent international war crimes court.
It 124 member states are obliged to immediately arrest the wanted person if they are on a member state's territory but the court has no means to enforce arrest warrants.
Israel and its main ally the United States are not members of the ICC, along with China and Russia.
At least 35,000 Palestinians have been killed in the war in Gaza, according to the enclave's health ministry, and aid agencies have also warned of widespread hunger and dire shortages of fuel and medical supplies.
Some 1200 people were killed and more than 250 taken hostage in the Hamas-led October 7 rampage, according to Israeli tallies.
