The decision includes operations at a large oil and gas production project on Sakhalin Island in Russia's Far East.
British BP , Shell and Norway's Equinor ASA have previously disclosed plans to abandon Russia operations.
"Given the current situation, Exxon Mobil will not invest in new developments in Russia," the company said in a statement.
Exxon did not provide a timetable for the exit, nor comment on any potential asset writedowns.
The company condemned Russia's attack and said it supports the people of Ukraine.
"We deplore Russia's military action that violates the territorial integrity of Ukraine and endangers its people," Exxon said.
Exxon has begun removing employees who are US citizens from Russia, Reuters reported earlier.
The number of expatriate staff being evacuated was unclear on Tuesday. The company sent a plane to Sakhalin Island to retrieve staff
Exxon last year employed more than 1,000 people across Russia with offices in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Yuzhno-Sakhalinst, according to its website.
Exxon operates three large offshore oil and gas fields with operations based on Sakhalin Island on behalf of an international consortium of Japanese, Indian and Russian companies. It had been advancing plans to add a liquefied natural gas export terminal at the site.
The company, which has been developing its Russian oil and gas fields since 1995, had come under pressure to cut its ties with Russia over Moscow's invasion of Ukraine. Russia calls its actions in Ukraine a "special operation".
The Sakhalin facilities, which Exxon has operated since production began in 2005, represents one of the largest single direct investments in Russia, according to a project description on Exxon's website.
The operation has pumped up to 300,000 barrels per day of oil and gas.
