The latest Resolve Strategic poll, published in the Nine newspapers, saw Mr Dutton's personal approval rating fall from minus 11 to minus 28, the lowest figure since he became opposition leader.
Labor has increased its primary vote from 39 to 42 per cent, while the coalition has dropped from 30 to 28.
Meanwhile, Anthony Albanese's net personal approval rating has risen during the past month from 24 to 27 per cent.
Mr Albanese also leads in the poll as preferred prime minister 55 per cent to Mr Dutton's 21 per cent, with a further 24 per cent being undecided.
The polling followed the Liberals rejecting the proposal for the Indigenous voice to parliament and executive government, which will be put to the public at a referendum later this year.
It also came after the Aston by-election which saw the government win a seat off the opposition at a by-election for the first time in more than 100 years.
Writs are set to be returned for Aston later on Wednesday, which will pave the way for Labor's Mary Doyle to be sworn into federal parliament next month.
The government will have 78 seats in the 151-seat lower house house following the by-election result.
Former Liberal frontbencher Karen Andrews said the opposition leader was electable, despite the low polling numbers.
"He is extraordinarily popular in Queensland, so he does resonate very well with people here in Queensland. What we need to do is make sure that we pick up seats in Victoria, NSW and WA," she told ABC TV on Wednesday.
"This should not be a personality contest between Peter and Anthony Albanese or whoever is leading at the time you go into those elections.
"I would actually like to see more of the frontbench of both sides out there prosecuting their own portfolios."
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