Health Minister Shannon Fentiman announced the six-week review would start on Thursday, looking at claims made about automated DNA extraction methods known as Project 13.
Retired Federal Court judge Annabelle Bennett will conduct the inquiry after it was revealed another 7000 cases had been found compromised since an initial probe into the lab's botched testing regime.
"If we have missed some really important facts when it came to Project 13 as part of the previous inquiry then we're going to leave no stone unturned now in getting to the bottom of that," Ms Fentiman said.
There were calls for another inquiry after the rise in affected cases and concerns raised about Project 13 following the first damning probe headed by Walter Sofronoff KC last year.
The 2022 inquiry found many DNA samples went untested and the lab incorrectly ruled others "insufficient".
Queensland Police have since reviewed cases dating back to 2007 and found another 7000 cases were impacted, taking the total to 37,000.
They include samples affected under Project 13's automated DNA extraction method that was introduced in October 2007.
Ms Fentiman said the inquiry's terms of reference would allow Dr Bennett to call on Project 13 scientists to give evidence.
"The commissioner has very wide powers about who she can compel to give evidence to get to the bottom of what really happened in the lab for Project 13," she said.
The health minister announced the new inquiry after speaking with forensic scientist Dr Kirsty Wright, who has raised concerns about Project 13 and an investigation into young Mackay woman Shandee Blackburn's 2013 unsolved murder.
"She provided me with a number of documents outlining her concerns about Project 13," Ms Fentiman said.
"I have determined that a fresh new commission of inquiry with fresh eyes is absolutely the best way to get to the bottom of the allegations that have been raised publicly."
The Opposition had been calling for a fresh inquiry, as has Ms Blackburn's mother Vicki, since the initial 2022 review.
"Queenslanders deserve to have a laboratory that can do its job and ensure that justice in this state is done," Queensland Liberal National leader David Crisafulli said.
"The way this has unfolded has been deeply disappointing."
The new inquiry under Dr Bennett will hold public hearings, call witnesses, and review statements, documents and the previous probe's recommendations.
Dr Bennett's final report and recommendations are to be completed by November 17.
Ms Fentiman said progress had already been made with almost $200 million committed to implementing the last inquiry's 123 recommendations, with 34 completed and 68 under way.
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