Mr Albanese kicked off day three of the election campaign in the Greens-held seat of Melbourne on Wednesday morning, where he announced the four-year trial of the clinics in a bid to relieve clogged hospital emergency departments.
The bulk-billed clinics will be based at GP surgeries and community health centres nationwide, and will treat patients needing urgent care including for broken bones, minor burns and stitches for cuts.
Mr Albanese denied the plan was a recycled policy previously announced for the 2019 federal election.
"It wasn't the same commitment, it wasn't delivering the same service," he told reporters.
"There's a different commitment, different policy. This policy has been costed."
Prime Minister Scott Morrison said Labor's health policy was identical to a proposal pitched by former Labor prime minister Kevin Rudd.
Health Minister Greg Hunt said the previous Labor government promised 65 "super clinics", but only delivered 33, with a damning auditor-general's report criticising the $650 million plan.
Mr Albanese said families would be able to get the care they needed from the clinics without long wait times.
"These clinics are a key part of Labor's plan to strengthen Medicare by making it easier to see a doctor," he said.
"Medicare Urgent Care Clinics will take the pressure off emergency departments, so they can concentrate on saving lives."
Labor's health spokesman Mark Butler said the clinics would sit as a tier of care between a GP clinic and life-saving treatment at the emergency department.
"GPs around the country and community health centres have been trying to make this sort of model work, but it simply can't stack up financially under the existing Medicare system," he told ABC Radio.
"If we are going to to get this intermediate level of care, the urgent care between general practice and hospital care, you are going to need additional funding."
Mr Albanese told health care workers at a rally in Melbourne's CBD that Labor was the best protector of Medicare.
Introducing the party's leader, deputy leader Richard Marles said Labor would back the health system should it win government.
"Australians will choose who they wake up with on May 22: Morrison or Medicare," he said.
Mr Albanese said the opposition was listening to the concerns of healthcare workers.
"You're like the roof of our society, our ultimate shelter and protection," he said.
"We should be working to build a better, stronger, more durable health system for everyone."
Meanwhile, Mr Albanese condemned the actions of a Young Labor activist who confronted the prime minister at a private event in Sydney on Tuesday night.
"I have seen footage of it and I think that gentleman - I don't know who he was - his actions were entirely inappropriate. We need to have civil discourse," he said.
