Voll (101 off 82 balls) and fellow 22-year-old Phoebe Litchfield (80 off 62) added 119 off just 94 deliveries for the second wicket to set up victory with 13.5 overs to spare.
Earlier, Australia's bowlers restricted India to 9-251 despite another lower-order rally by the visitors led by captain Harmanpreet Kaur.
Australia now lead the multi-format series six points to four.
The hosts won Tuesday's opening ODI in Brisbane by six wickets after India prevailed 2-1 in the T20s.
Voll, who came in at No.3, was dropped down the leg side by wicketkeeper Richa Ghosh when on 99 and snuck through for a single to bring up her ton.
Opener Litchfield struck 11 fours and a six as her elegance and timing came to the fore, while player of the match Voll used her immense power to bludgeon boundaries down the ground.
"It was obviously nice to get over the line. I thought Phoebe was outstanding at the other end and it made my job super-easy," Voll said
"It was a lot of fun batting with her. She was smashing it and I took a while to get in and then expanded my game. We complement each other quite well."
There is a sense that the youthful duo will pile on the runs for the next decade in Australian colours.
Litchfield lofted over the off side early and then went on the rampage on the leg side to take three consecutive boundaries off Kranti Gaud.
She went past 2000 international runs in all three formats before bringing up her half-century with a classic cover drive to the boundary, followed by another over it.
Both batters displayed maturity and great tempo throughout the innings.
Voll, who has been a revelation in her nine ODI matches, received magnificent support from Beth Mooney (31) - the pair adding 82 for the third wicket.
A second half-century partnership in a row between Harmanpreet (54) and allrounder Kashvee Gautam (25) gave India a modest total, well short of the 300-plus score the pitch suggested was a par tally.
Annabel Sutherland took 2-37 and Australia's spinners Ashleigh Gardner (2-39) and Alana King (2-41) did well to restrict India, who will rue not making the most of several dropped catches after winning the toss.
Australia suffered another injury blow ahead of the match with spinner and vice-captain Sophie Molineux ruled out of the entire series with a back injury.
Molineux's place was taken by allrounder Nicola Carey, for her first ODI since 2022.
India progressed to 0-78 before the hosts struck.
In-form Smriti Mandhana (31) was bowled by Gardner while playing a paddle sweep.
At the other end Pratika Rawal (52) was in serene form with her cover drives all class.
She threw it away when calling for an ill-advised single to mid-on. Harmanpreet turned her back and Rawal was stranded.
Deepti Sharma made just one before a swipe to deep midwicket off King brought about her demise.
Mooney took a slick juggling catch to dismiss Amanjot Kaur, standing up to Carey, and wicketkeeper Ghosh (21) was looking dangerous until King trapped her in front and it was 6-162.
Gautam and Harmanpreet both then settled into a crucial stand.
Cricket Australia earlier confirmed Molineux would "be monitored ahead of the upcoming tour to the West Indies."
Molineux, if fit, will captain the side in the Caribbean in mid-March with current skipper Alyssa Healy set to retire at the end of this series.
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